How do you cite herodotus

FORMAT : For quotations over 2 lines long: omit quotation marks, indent 1 inch; single-space; do not reduce font size. The closing quotation mark comes after all punctuation. As Ovid says, My intention is to tell of bodies changed To different forms; the gods, who made the changes, Will help me — or so I hope Citing ancient sources i. Poem, if applicable ]. Sophocles, Antigone — Horace, Odes 4. Vergil, Eclogues 1. Prose Cicero, First Catilinarian Plato, Symposium a3—b7.

Citing Secondary Sources The format differs slightly for citations that appear embedded in body of the paper and those that appear in the footnotes. In-Text For citations in your text proper rather than in a footnote , surround the information with parentheses and place before the final punctuation of the sentence.

Footnotes In footnotes, omit the parentheses. Using Ibid. Reference to a different work requires a new full citation. Even though you have previously referred to this work and page number, because it is not the immediately preceding citation, the full citation must be given again.

Book with an Editor Last name, First Name of editor ed. On-line Resource When citing an online resource, give the URL and the date you accessed the page; because of the dynamic nature of web content, the last piece of information is important.

Search form Search. Admission Info Why Haverford? Giving Join Mailing List. Search Welcome, friend. Admission Menu Why Haverford? But wait, there's more! Athletics Library. What are the most important aspects of citing? Homer, Iliad An emerging theme is the variability yet sanctity of custom nomos , particularly religious custom, as we see Cambyses mock and then attack the sacred Apis bull.

The theme of tyranny continues as we see Cambyses overthrown and eventually replaced by Darius, the high point of the final portion of the book being the debate among the successful Persian conspirators on the best form of government rule by many, by few, or by one.

In book 4, Herodotus focuses on the peoples at the extremities of the empire, the Scythians in the north and the Libyans in the south.

With the large geographical scope of the book, Herodotus is moved to consider the larger issue of the shape of the world as a whole, and what follows is his most extensive discussion of maps, mapmakers, and the number, shape, and names of the continents.

He is aware that Libya Africa is surrounded by water except where it joins Asia, and he tells the remarkable story of a Phoenician circumnavigation of the continent ordered by the Egyptian king Neco. About Europe, and whether there is also a sea to the north and east, he is uncertain. What interests him most here is Europe's rivers: still tempted like his contemporaries by a symmetrical view of the world, he imagines the Danube flowing through Europe in a manner analogous to the Nile's route through Egypt.

Although Herodotus employs the dichotomy of Greek versus barbarian, his portrait of neither side is one-dimensional.

The instigator of revolt was a certain Aristagoras, a citizen of Miletus who in the midst of some tricky maneuvers had emerged on the wrong side of the Persian governor. Like Croesus half a century earlier, Aristagoras looked to mainland Greece for support against Persia. Iliad 5. Darius then took aim at Athens. The Athenians had participated in the Greek sack and burning of Sardis, after which they had had enough and left for home—but Darius remembers.

Herodotus continues the theme of retribution that has seemed to drive the conflict from the mock-epic introduction onward. As the seemingly unstoppable Persian force crosses the Aegean, intrigue and treachery plague the Greek cities, making the Athenian march to Marathon and victory over the Persian force there even more impressive, both to the Greek world and to the historian.

Herodotus thus adds to his portraits of the two cities. Thus, for example, the Athenian delay in the days leading up to the battle is described from the perspective of the man in the field rather than that of the generals making the decisions. Finally, as so often, Herodotus ends on an ambiguous note, here with the story of the possible treachery of the family of the Alcmaeonids, the family of Pericles.

The portrait of Xerxes is the centerpiece and masterpiece of book 7, although the magnificent catalog of the Persian army in all its multiethnic color is worthy of Homer himself cf.

Catalog of Ships in Iliad 2. Xerxes curses the waters of the Hellespont when a storm destroys his bridge, words that Herodotus calls barbara barbarian , a rare use of the term in a moral sense. Meanwhile, across the Aegean, the story of the Greek preparations for resistance are also high drama and span the full Greek world from Sicily to Crete, Delphi to Thrace, full of conflict and characters.

Can the Greeks unite? Now at last comes the great battle for Greece. His strategy for battle in the narrows of the Salamis channel—tricking Xerxes into splitting his forces and entering the channel, thereby forcing the Greek fleet to stay and fight—reveals both his brilliance and his lack of scruples.

Finally, book 9 narrates the decisive Greek victory at Plataea over the Persian army that had wintered in Thessaly and marched back into central Greece in the spring. The book features a high point of leadership and cooperation; an impressive total of , men—Herodotus uses numbers to good purpose—fight under the generalship of the Spartan Pausanias on the Boeotian plain.

After the victory at Plataea, Pausanias shows himself a man of principle, refusing to impale the head of Mardonius for public display and laughing at the luxury of the Persian general. Collecting the spoils of victory, the Greeks dedicate a tenth of them to Delphi in a memorial that Herodotus has apparently seen. For the moment all is well, but Herodotus does not allow us to bask in the glory of the defense of freedom; instead we follow the Athenians as they pursue the Persians to the Hellespont and then apprehend and punish a Persian governor by crucifying him and stoning his son before his eyes.

The popularity of the History was legendary, and its influence is evident from the time of its completion in the s onward. Most significant is the response of Thucydides, who despite not mentioning his predecessor by name clearly wrote in his wake. One successor simply called him a liar Ctesias in Fragmente der griechischen Historiker T8.

The interesting problem that emerged already in the fourth century, as the genre of history separated itself from other sorts of prose inquiry, was the larger purpose to which historical narrative might be put—education, persuasion, and even entertainment. Herodotus, with Thucydides, belongs in the middle of the debate. Includes links to key resources and sources of help.

For help with citing specific types of publication contact your librarian. Get help from your liaison librarian. Charlie Carpenter. Email Me. Social: Facebook Page Twitter Page. In-Text References When citing an ancient literary work in your essay you need to be as specific as possible when referring to the exact line, paragraph or reference of the work you are citing.

Reference in the bibliography: Euripides, Helen , with introduction, translation and commentary by Peter Burian Oxford For further guidence on using the Oxford referencing style, click here. Book with a single author Citation in the text: Wray stated that….. Reference in the bibliography: Wray, D.

Journal article with a single author print and online Citation in the text Stone 75 Reference in the bibliography: Stone, C. Journal article with single author online only Reference in the bibliography: Clay, J. Boedeker Reference in the bibliography: Boedeker, D , 'No way out? Evaluating websites Hints on assessing the reliability of information you find on the Internet. Ancient texts should be listed separately from modern texts. For ancient works, full details should be given in the following order: author, title of work [in italics]; editor or translator's name s , date and place of publication.

For modern works, full details should be given in the following order: author, year [in brackets] 'title of article or book chapter' [in inverted commas, if appropriate], title of journal or book [in italics]; volume and part number [if a journal], place of publication [if a book] then pages [if appropriate].

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